The city of Kronstadt - historical site, become one helped him very favorable geographical position. Laid in 1703 on the island of Kotlin and other adjacent Islands, the city became the base port for many years. City Кронштат known military glory, which never left him at all times.
From October on may 7, 1703 1704 have о.Котлин built on an artificial island of wooden ряжей, filled with boulders, the first in Russia sea Fort.
In 1717г. in the end of the stone ridge, stretching from the Western tip of the island of Kotlin on an artificial island of ряжей built the first in Russia sea lighthouse, and later, after the restructuring, named Толбухиным beacon.
In 1724, basically completed construction of the largest in those years in Europe the dry dock (им.Петра the Great) with the channel and «wet dock» (both chambers of the dock-the ship and фрегатная were rebuilt on the orders of Emperor Nikolai 1 in the 1830-1846гг) After 1846г. Doc called «Mykolaiv) (after 1919. "Doc им.Сургина).
In 1724 under the direction of the captain-commander Edward lane largely completed work on the creation of a Merchant, Italian, Middle, Forestry, Military harbours, coastal walls with fortifications, guns, warehouses, workshops, apartment houses. Russia for the first time began to have a first-class commercial and military port.
In October 1751 under the direction of engineer-major-General И.Л.Любераса completed the final construction доковой system «Doc-channel, Dock, the Dock of the ravine from the ditch for the release of water from the canal and the dock, the Dock is a swimming pool for receiving dock facilities of water and its further pumping out pumps, driven by windmills. The length of the entire system of 2.2 km. The entrance to the channel, the entrance to the dock and the exit from it in the Cross safe overlaps double gateway gateway system outstanding inventor, the associate of Peter the Great Colonel Andrei Konstantinovich Nartova. At the device of the suspension and the turn of the flood gates Nart for the first time in the Russian practice used to reduce friction alloy of copper with zinc, brass. The solemn opening of the доковой system took place on July 30 1752г. in the presence of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. August 1, in the presence of the docking introduced the largest in the Russian Navy 120-пушечнй ship «Empress Anna.»

  1774-1777гг. on the North shore of the Dock basin in a specially constructed building on the semicircular Foundation installed brought from Scotland's largest at the time in Europe the steam engine with the boiler and the pump for pumping water (this machine has worked in the care of her Russians mechanics to 1840-ies).
In 1789г. on the southern shore of the Dock basin for the manufacture of ammunition for guns and ballast to the stability of ships was built cast-Iron-foundry plant.
After the acquisition of it equipment Н.И.Путиловым and creation on this basis of its plant in St. Petersburg can be considered as the Kronstadt cast-Iron-foundry parent Putilov factory (Kirov) of the plant.
on July 7, 1803, from Kronstadt left in the 1-th Russian-the-world expedition
the sloops «Nadezhda» (captain-Lieutenant И.Ф.Крузенштерн) and «Neva» (captain-Lieutenant Ю.Ф.Лисянский. After 3 years the expedition was finished in Kronstadt. Both the commander of the sloops finished the Naval cadet corps, when he was in Kronstadt from 1771 to 1798: Ю.Ф.Лисянский in 1786г., И.Ф.Крузенштерн in 1788
on Octber 11, 1804, at the direction of имп.Александра 1 Sea Department has taken the action finished running water in Kronstadt (much earlier, than in St. Petersburg). From the intake in the «Neva-stream» (not far from the South of the fairway), water came by the oak of the pipes in the pool, dug among the St. Petersburg gate, where the water was rising storage machine is attached to the forces of the two horses in the upper reservoir. From there the water was supplied by gravity on the oak pipes at first only in the Marine barracks and the hospital. Later staged a number of swimming pools on the highway wooden running water, from where they took the water of the inhabitants of the city. Later the wooden pipes were replaced by iron, built a water tower. New water pipeline started to operate in 1838. In 1839, the set of steam generators, 2 steam engines, of whom worked domestic pumps, подававшие water into the upper reservoir. In 1841 began instead of деревоземляного built granite swimming-pool.

  July 4 1819г. from Kronstadt came out two scientific expeditions on 4 sloops of from 900 up to 530 tons. Expedition in search of the southern continent led the captain of the 2nd rank Ф.Ф.Беллинсгаузен (he is the commander of the flagship sloops «Vostok»), the second шлюпом the «peace» was commanded by Lieutenant М.П.Лазарев. The expedition managed through the ice fields with separate icebergs come closer to the coast of the southern continent 16 January 1820. (this day is the day of the opening of Antarctica). Then the ships went through the whole continent, opening 29 Islands in the South Pacific ocean and several of the Islands in Antarctica. The second expedition of the sloops «Discovery» (captain-Lieutenant M.S. Vasiliev) and «well-Intentioned» (captain-Lieutenant G.S. Shishmarev) was to try to overtake North America from the Arctic ocean from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean, which was sailing ships impossible.
The expedition Беллингсгаузена-Lazarev returned to Kronstadt on July 24 of 1821.
The expedition Vasilyeva-Шишмарева returned to Kronstadt 1 August 1822.
In 1840г. a naval officer, an accountant М.Ф.Рейнеке (each on the issue of the Marine corps of P.S. Nakhimov) for the first time established a metal label location of the zero-point sea-level in Kronstadt on a granite устое wooden moving Blue bridge (built in 1782г, and in 1875, a converted into a metal swing). Measurements of sea level in Kronstadt were made with 1731г. in the Middle of the Harbor, with 1777г. - in the Merchants ' Harbor, with 1800. - the support of the Blue bridge. Kronstadt rod is the oldest in Russia (with 1777г.) and the 3rd in the world according to the list of posts with the longest observation series after Amsterdam (with 1700г.) and Stockholm (with 1774.).
The decision of the Government of the country on August 12, 1946. zero-футштока adopted as the starting point of the State нивелирной network of the country and the beginning of a unified Baltic system of heights.
on June 14, 1854г. combined Anglo-French sailing and steam fleet of 18 battleships, 6 frigates and several support vessels under the command of the English Admiral Charles Непира and French Персеваля-Дешена approached Kronstadt. After staying here for a week anchored in the roadstead at the Krasnaya Gorka and carrying exploration, the enemy became convinced of the readiness of powerful fortifications of Kronstadt and the fleet for the defense. on June 20, 1854г. the allied fleet went to о.Сескару, and in the fall went into their ports. Kronstadt continued to work on the improvement of defence were erected: the Northern and the southern ряжевые obstacles, the FORTS were more powerful weapons. Early in the spring of June 1855 produced staging bottom and floating mine obstacles min from the design of academician Boris Semenovich Jacobi and businessman Emmanuel Nobel. June 8, 1855, during the exploration of the Northern Seaway at the first in the world underwater mine fence blown 4 enemy ship. As a result of the allied Anglo-French fleet admirals Дондаса and Gradually in the 101 ship with 2500 guns so decided not to force the fairways at Kronstadt and autumn went into their ports.

The first in Russia sea astronomical Observatory built in 1856г. in the yard of Kronstadt Navigator school almost at the place where the 1717г. was built first in the city Church in the name of Andrew the first-called. The author of the project of the Observatory and the head of the construction engineer-Colonel Joseph A. Заржецкий (1800-1869), the Builder of "Nikolaev docks (1830-1846), the «Prince Menshikov» (1843-1850), Mykolayiv battery at Fort Kronshlot (1850-1863). In may 1868 was determined by the difference of longitude between the Pulkovo and Kronstadt observatories, and in 1875, determined latitude Observatory. Its latitude 5959'24.2 per "N, longitude 02'15,07" to W from the Pulkovo Meridian.
on February 11, 1847, the construction work began on the construction of the Kronshtadt Ship of the plant. Solemn opening ceremony of the plant took place on 4 March 1858 although the plant is practically worked with 1854г., creating steam gunboats.
In Russia the trunks of the first two 12-pounder (110 mm) smoothbore guns were converted into rifled in Kronstadt on the Steamship plant, in 1861. Since then, several years of this work in Kronstadt was carried out continuously.
In 1858 the inner court of the Steamship of the plant, for the first time in Russia, paved cast-iron bombs on the model brought the Manager of the plant engineer-captain A. Sokolov from a business trip to America. There he saw a cast iron bridge in new York and Boston, arranged according to the method engineer Кнаппа. Experiment Sokolov was a success. In September 1860 great Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich had ordered the chief of the Construction Department of the Kronshtadt naval port engineer-Lieutenant Colonel Н.П.Эйлеру span stretch of road length of 160 meters and a width of 6.4 meters from Hempen bridge along the fence of the New Admiralty. In 1862г. cast-iron bridge was arranged by the St. Petersburg gate and along the Petrovskaya street. In 1863г. the pavement was laid on the Great St. Catherine's street. In 1864 the pavement was laid on the «newly laid road along the fence, at Доковом the Admiralty» in the street, from the Steamship of the plant up to a berm.
In 1864 Kronstadt engineer-entrepreneur Mikhail Osipovich Бритнев, built in small vessels in its судомеханической workshop and owned several courts on the passenger line Kronstadt-Oranienbaum, redid one of their ships in the first in the world icebreaker «pilot», and then built and the second icebreaker the «Fight». According to his plans in 1871 in Germany were built 2 icebreaker. For the titles used the word «ice-breaker» for the first time voiced in Kronstadt in 1864, by translating it into German language: «Айсбрехер»- I,- II.
1865г. on the initiative of the captain-Lieutenant Ivan Petrovich Белавенца in Kronstadt was founded Russia's first Observatory of magnetic compasses. The Observatory was placed in a newly built for her a wooden one-storeyed house, assembled without steel nails on a stone Foundation. The house is under lab roof on copper nails. The house was located in the Central part of the square in front of the modern Memorial Cabinet-Museum of Popov's works. Pedestal with a bust of Popov's works is in place Compass Observatory. In 1867г. for the needs of the Observatory was built a wooden gazebo, preserved up to the present time. In 1895, the gazebo was used А.С.Поповым and p. Rybkin for the first radio transmission. For many years the Observatory was the only one in Russia for the verification of magnetic compasses, here was born the theory of magnetic deviation and the measures for its destruction, which contributed to the increase of safety of navigation.
In 1866г. on the Big Kronstadt roadstead was tested a submarine, built in 1863-1866гг. on the project of the inventor Ivan Alexander 1861. The boat had a length of 36, 6m, width 4 m, displacement-surface 352 tons, scuba - 363 tons. The engine of the boat worked on compressed air (the boat had compressor). The submarine was the first in the history of the Russian Navy official crew of 28 people. Testing of the boat passed успешно.В may 1868, the work was begun on the construction of first in Russia of the Fort with the artillery tower. The Fort was built to the West of Fort «Emperor Paul I» and had 6 of the rotating towers, in each two - 11-inch (280 mm) gun. Tower weighed 500 tons, with a thickness of outer armor 300 mm in the lining of the tick and the inner armor wall thickness of 75 mm. Shells weighing 240 kg of powder charges were filed from the cellars of the Fort to the guns to a height of 6 meters mechanical steam lifts.
on July 23, 1880, Fort visited the Emperor Alexander II and ordered to rename the 3rd southern Fort to Fort «Count Milutin» in honor of the defence Minister of Russia (from 1861 to 1881 yy) Dmitry Alekseevich Miliutin (1816-1912) - the last one (from 1898), 64-St Russian field Marshal.
In 1869 the inventor, an employee of the Kronshtadt naval port И.Ф.Александровский has developed and presented the world's first project самодвижущейся mines (torpedoes), which were made of the two samples. His invention of the author described in the works: «a Brief report on the experiments of the submarine» (1878) and «scuba diving and its application to military action» (1888) and others.
In September 1869. The chief Builder of the Kronstadt fortress engineer-major-General Konstantin Yakovlevich Zverev by resolution of the General-engineer Eduard Ivanovich of Totleben ordered to cover natural asphalt floors in the living casemates and in the premises for storage of projectiles and charges on the 4-th and 6-th Northern FORTS. It was the first successful application of asphalt in Russia. After this experience in 1870г. engineer-captain Zhdanovich completed paving sidewalks in several streets of St. Petersburg, as well as in the internal courtyards and cellars of the Winter Palace and in the Royal stables.
1 October 1874г. in Kronstadt was opened Mine officer class and the Mine school. The Officer class were taken by the officers, who graduated from the Naval cadet corps for special knowledge in mine, the torpedo and electrical work. In Mine school prepared the non-commissioned officers in these specialities. During the time of its class and Mine school have prepared a large number of specialists, using their knowledge not only in the Navy, but also in industry and in the transport industry of Russia. The teacher of a class and school Lieutenant Evgeny Pavlovich Tveritinov has done a lot for the introduction in Russia of electric lighting.
His fundamental work «the Electric light» was the first manual in the Russian language.
In 1878, for instance, in the torpedo workshop Кроншадтского the military port have been manufactured according to the drawings of the engineer Whitehead Russia's first serial torpedoes in the amount of 50 units, received on the armament of the Russian Fleet. Torpedo workshop was opened in 1877, in the building of the West of the former mast of a barn on the territory of modern 18 Arsenal of the Russian Navy. Next to torpedo the workshop with the 1850-ies, as well as in the building of the mast of the barn operated the Mine workshop for fabrication of the sea mines system B. S. Jacobi and other systems.
In 1879 by the officers of the Mine officer class established the first Russian phone connection in Kronstadt, installing telephones in the classroom, the Headquarters of the Chief commander of the port. Then the telephone were connected barracks of the fortress artillery and all FORTS of the South of the fairway. City phone in Kronstadt was opened on 7 December 1897. City telephone station was in the house of Green (now - the house № 13 on ул.К Marx). In 1912-1913гг telephone station of the city headed the electrical engineer Sergey Nikolayevich Petrov, who in 1912, supervised the construction of the City power station in the Dutch kitchen (set of 2 diesel engines and dynamos) and the installation of supports for advancing the electrical lines, the installation of light bulbs for the lighting of the main streets and one of the few apartments. The solemn consecration and commissioning of the plant took place on February 23 1913г.
The electric energy to the objects of the Kronshtadt naval port provides Port power plant in the Soviet time - 37-I mains, now 470-I mains), built in the late 19-20вв. in division Artillery Arsenal, which were kept in the pyramids artillery kernel. The station had 2 steam boilers, working on coal, and lead to action 3-reciprocating steam engines to 250 HP. (the total capacity of the 552квтч, while at that time the total capacity of the stations of Moscow was 4470 kWh). The power plant has given the current in the network in September 1900. The existing buildings of the Port power plants built in 1906-1908гг. Then started the translation of the power supply of the Kronstadt with overhead lines with underground cables, completed in 1914.
The Kronstadt naval hospital was founded by Peter I on July 17, 1717 and for a long time was placed in different parts of the city every time after a fire (the building of the hospital was rebuilt 8 times). The building, in which the hospital is located, and at the present time were built in the period from 1834 to 1840гг. on the orders of Emperor Nikolai 1 architect Э.Х.Анертом, the hospital soon became a scientific-medical center of the military medicine: in 1839г. doctor А.Я.Добровольским an operation for a human skull trepanation in acute inflammation of the tympanic cavity; in 1840г. made the first in Russia the operation on the heart of man; in 1847г. surgeon Н.И.Пирогов held the first in Russia surgery for cancer; in 1853, in the hospital was opened the first in Russia morbid anatomy; in 1873 started using bandages, antiseptic Lister; in 1874г. in the hospital was the first in the Russian Navy blood transfusion.
In April 1895, a teacher of Mine officer class Alexander S. Popov for the first time in the world to conduct experiments on the radio. The connection was made at a distance of 30 yards between the pavilion in the square, and the Cabinet Has In may 1897 Russian ships «Europe» and «Africa» has successfully used a new means of communication in the world. To 1904г.на the Russian Navy was 75 radio stations of the system Has made in Kronstadt in a special workshop. The Russian Fleet became the cradle of the RADIO.
In February 1896 Alexander S. Popov in Mine officers ' class at the request of Chief doctor of the Kronstadt Naval hospital Vasily Ivanovich Isaev assembled and tested in Russia's first x-ray machine. Soon the machine was installed in the Naval hospital. The first radiologist became the wife of Popov's works.
In 1898. the Fort «Alexandr 1», разоруженном from 1880, the efforts of the leadership of the Kronstadt fortress, the Institute of experimental medicine (organized in 1897g.), Of the Kronstadt Naval hospital was created first-class противоэпидемиологическая laboratory is the third in the world after the Bombay laboratory (headed by the time the Russian scientist Хавкиным, who discovered the противочумную lymph) and the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute of Paris. The Bombay laboratory produced only противочумную serum, in the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute produced only противочумную lymph. Kantemirovskaya laboratory at Fort «Alexandr 1» produced and lymph, and serum, sending from 1898 to 1918, more than a million of medicinal ampoules in a different point of Russia, Europe, Asia, where raging epidemic. For experimentation and production of vaccines on the Fort contained animals: monkeys, rabbits, Guinea pigs, rats, mice, marmots, gophers - for experiments, horses, reindeer, camels to receive vaccines. The laboratory was in the direct subordination of the Institute of experimental medicine, as its structural division - part of the laboratory of the scientist Daniel Kuzmich Zabolotny. The staff of the laboratory at the Fort were more than 20 employees: the Director, his deputies, nurses, Ministers, grooms, who lived in strict isolation. In the laboratory in different years microbiologists А.И.Бердников, А.А.Владимиров, С.К.Дзержговский, Д.К.Заболотный, V.i.isaev, М.Г.Тартаковский, etc. Supervised laboratory В.И.Турчинович Выжникевич (who died at Fort in carrying out experiments in 1906), IE. Screws, Н.М.Шрайбер (who died at Fort in experiments in 1906.).
In 1909, during the cholera epidemic in St. Petersburg for the first time in Russia in Kronstadt С.К.Дзержговским was held chlorination of water in the water supply network of the city. Chief doctor of Marine hospital from 1897 until 1911. Vasily Isaevich Isaev was the first in Russia identified the percentage of chlorine in the water, which would be disastrous for the germs, but not harmful for the human.
Since the beginning of 1910 disinfection of water in Kronstadt was conducted constantly. In France and England chlorination of water began to be conducted after the 1-St World war, and in other countries later.
Judging by all the above-listed Kronstadt - and the city of military glory.